Verlost may be available in the countries listed below.
Ranitidine is reported as an ingredient of Verlost in the following countries:
Ranitidine hydrochloride (a derivative of Ranitidine) is reported as an ingredient of Verlost in the following countries:
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Pe-Tam may be available in the countries listed below.
Paracetamol is reported as an ingredient of Pe-Tam in the following countries:
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ox-AZ-e-pam
In the U.S.
Available Dosage Forms:
Therapeutic Class: Antianxiety
Pharmacologic Class: Benzodiazepine, Short or Intermediate Acting
Oxazepam is used to relieve symptoms of anxiety, including anxiety caused by depression, and the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. oxazepam may also be used to treat tension, agitation, and irritability in older patients.
Oxazepam is a benzodiazepine. Benzodiazepines belong to the group of medicines called central nervous system (CNS) depressants, which are medicines that slow down the nervous system.
oxazepam is available only with your doctor's prescription.
In deciding to use a medicine, the risks of taking the medicine must be weighed against the good it will do. This is a decision you and your doctor will make. For oxazepam, the following should be considered:
Tell your doctor if you have ever had any unusual or allergic reaction to oxazepam or any other medicines. Also tell your health care professional if you have any other types of allergies, such as to foods, dyes, preservatives, or animals. For non-prescription products, read the label or package ingredients carefully.
Appropriate studies have not been performed on the relationship of age to the effects of oxazepam in children below 6 years of age. Safety and efficacy have not been established.
Appropriate studies performed to date have not demonstrated geriatric-specific problems that would limit the usefulness of oxazepam in the elderly. However, severe drowsiness, dizziness, lightheadedness, fainting, or unusual behavior are more likely to occur in the elderly, which may require an adjustment in the dose for patients receiving oxazepam.
There are no adequate studies in women for determining infant risk when using this medication during breastfeeding. Weigh the potential benefits against the potential risks before taking this medication while breastfeeding.
Although certain medicines should not be used together at all, in other cases two different medicines may be used together even if an interaction might occur. In these cases, your doctor may want to change the dose, or other precautions may be necessary. When you are taking oxazepam, it is especially important that your healthcare professional know if you are taking any of the medicines listed below. The following interactions have been selected on the basis of their potential significance and are not necessarily all-inclusive.
Using oxazepam with any of the following medicines is usually not recommended, but may be required in some cases. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.
Using oxazepam with any of the following medicines may cause an increased risk of certain side effects, but using both drugs may be the best treatment for you. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.
Certain medicines should not be used at or around the time of eating food or eating certain types of food since interactions may occur. Using alcohol or tobacco with certain medicines may also cause interactions to occur. The following interactions have been selected on the basis of their potential significance and are not necessarily all-inclusive.
Using oxazepam with any of the following may cause an increased risk of certain side effects but may be unavoidable in some cases. If used together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use oxazepam, or give you special instructions about the use of food, alcohol, or tobacco.
The presence of other medical problems may affect the use of oxazepam. Make sure you tell your doctor if you have any other medical problems, especially:
Take oxazepam only as directed by your doctor. Do not take more of it, do not take it more often, and do not take it for a longer time than your doctor ordered.
The dose of oxazepam will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of oxazepam. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so.
The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine.
If you miss a dose of oxazepam, take it as soon as possible. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not double doses.
Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light. Keep from freezing.
Keep out of the reach of children.
Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed.
Ask your healthcare professional how you should dispose of any medicine you do not use.
It is very important that your doctor check your progress at regular visits to make sure oxazepam is working properly. Blood tests may be needed to check for unwanted effects.
Using oxazepam while you are pregnant can harm your unborn baby. Use an effective form of birth control to keep from getting pregnant. If you think you have become pregnant while using the medicine, tell your doctor right away.
oxazepam may cause some people, especially older persons, to become drowsy, dizzy, lightheaded, clumsy, unsteady, or less alert than they are normally. Make sure you know how you react to oxazepam before you drive, use machines, or do anything else that could be dangerous if you are not alert or able to think or see well.
oxazepam will add to the effects of alcohol and other central nervous system (CNS) depressants. CNS depressants are medicines that slow down the nervous system, which may cause drowsiness or make you less alert. Some examples of CNS depressants are antihistamines or medicine for hay fever, allergies, or colds; sedatives, tranquilizers, or sleeping medicine; prescription pain medicine or narcotics; barbiturates (used for seizures); muscle relaxants; or anesthetics (numbing medicines), including some dental anesthetics. This effect may last for a few days after you stop taking oxazepam. Check with your doctor before taking any of the above while you are using oxazepam.
Do not stop taking oxazepam without checking with your doctor first. Your doctor may want you to gradually reduce the amount you are using before stopping it completely. This may help prevent a worsening of your condition and reduce the possibility of withdrawal symptoms, such as convulsions (seizures), stomach or muscle cramps, tremors, vomiting, or sweating.
oxazepam is for short-term use only, which is generally considered less than 4 months. If your condition does not improve or if it becomes worse, check with your doctor.
Along with its needed effects, a medicine may cause some unwanted effects. Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention.
Check with your doctor immediately if any of the following side effects occur:
Get emergency help immediately if any of the following symptoms of overdose occur:
Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention. These side effects may go away during treatment as your body adjusts to the medicine. Also, your health care professional may be able to tell you about ways to prevent or reduce some of these side effects. Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about them:
Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. If you notice any other effects, check with your healthcare professional.
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
See also: oxazepam side effects (in more detail)
The information contained in the Thomson Reuters Micromedex products as delivered by Drugs.com is intended as an educational aid only. It is not intended as medical advice for individual conditions or treatment. It is not a substitute for a medical exam, nor does it replace the need for services provided by medical professionals. Talk to your doctor, nurse or pharmacist before taking any prescription or over the counter drugs (including any herbal medicines or supplements) or following any treatment or regimen. Only your doctor, nurse, or pharmacist can provide you with advice on what is safe and effective for you.
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Azitrocin may be available in the countries listed below.
Azithromycin dihydrate (a derivative of Azithromycin) is reported as an ingredient of Azitrocin in the following countries:
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Pabi-Dexamethason may be available in the countries listed below.
Dexamethasone is reported as an ingredient of Pabi-Dexamethason in the following countries:
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Voltaren Actigo Extra may be available in the countries listed below.
Diclofenac potassium salt (a derivative of Diclofenac) is reported as an ingredient of Voltaren Actigo Extra in the following countries:
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Class: Skin and Mucous Membrane Agents, Miscellaneous
Chemical Name: 4 - (Dimethylamino) - 1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a - octahydro - 3,5,10,12,12a - pentahydroxy - 6 - methyl - 1,11 - dioxo - 2 - naphthacenecarboxamide monohydrate
Molecular Formula: C22H24N2O8•H20
CAS Number: 17086-28-1
Brands: Oracea
Semisynthetic tetracycline antibiotic.1
Available as 40-mg capsules (Oracea) containing 2 types of doxycycline beads (i.e., 30 mg as immediate-release beads and 10 mg as delayed-release beads).1
Treatment of inflammatory lesions (papules and pustules) associated with rosacea (acne rosacea).1
Safety and efficacy not established for treatment of the erythematous, telangiectatic, or ocular components of rosacea.1
The 40-mg capsules of doxycycline (Oracea) are not indicated for the treatment or prevention of bacterial infections or to reduce the number of or eliminate organisms associated with bacterial disease.1 (See Selection and Use of Anti-infectives under Cautions).
Administer orally in the morning, on an empty stomach, at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal.1
Give with adequate amounts of fluid to reduce risk of esophageal irritation and ulceration.1
40 mg once daily in the morning.1
Efficacy of the 40-mg capsules of doxycycline (Oracea) not established beyond 16 weeks and safety not established beyond 9 months of therapy.1
Exceeding the dosage of doxycycline recommended for rosacea may increase the incidence of adverse effects (e.g., development of drug-resistant bacteria).1
No specific dosage recommendations at this time.1
Dosage adjustment not required.9
No specific dosage recommendations at this time.1
Known hypersensitivity to doxycycline or other tetracyclines.1
Animal studies indicate possible fetal toxicity (e.g., retardation of skeletal development) and embryotoxicity.1
Use not recommended in pregnant women.1 Avoid pregnancy during therapy.1 If pregnancy occurs, immediately discontinue and apprise of potential fetal hazard.1
Use not recommended for individuals of either gender who are attempting to conceive a child.1
Avoid use during tooth development (the last half of pregnancy, infancy, childhood up to 8 years of age); potential for permanent tooth discoloration and enamel hypoplasia.1
Tetracyclines form a stable calcium complex in any bone-forming tissue.1 Reversible decrease in fibula growth rate has occurred in premature infants receiving oral tetracyclines.1
Treatment with anti-infectives may permit overgrowth of clostridia.1 5 6 7 8 Consider Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis (antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis) if diarrhea develops and manage accordingly.1 5 6 7 8
Some mild cases of C. difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis may respond to discontinuance alone.1 5 6 7 8 Manage moderate to severe cases with fluid, electrolyte, protein supplementation, and appropriate anti-infective therapy (e.g., oral metronidazole or vancomycin) as clinically indicated.1 5 6 7 8
Tetracyclines have antianabolic effects and may increase BUN concentrations.1 This effect usually is not clinically important in patients with normal renal function; however, high serum tetracycline concentrations may result in azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, and acidosis in patients with impaired renal function.1 (See Renal Impairment under Cautions.)
Possible photosensitivity reaction (e.g., exaggerated sunburn reaction).1
Avoid unnecessary exposure to sunlight or artificial UV light (sunlamps, solariums).1
Doxycycline may result in overgrowth of nonsusceptible organisms, including fungi.1 If superinfection occurs, discontinue doxycycline and initiate appropriate therapy.1
Tetracyclines may increase the incidence of vaginal candidiasis.1 Use with caution in patients with a history of or predisposition to candidiasis.1
To reduce development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain effectiveness of other antibacterials, use the 40-mg capsules of doxycycline (Oracea) only for the treatment of rosacea.1
Doxycycline 40-mg capsules are not to be used for the treatment or prevention of bacterial infections or to reduce or eliminate organisms associated with bacterial disease.1 The dosage regimen used for the treatment of rosacea results in doxycycline plasma concentrations that are too low for the treatment of bacterial infections.1
Tetracyclines have been associated with autoimmune syndromes (e.g., lupus-like syndrome, autoimmune hepatitis, vasculitis, serum sickness).1
If symptoms suggestive of an autoimmune syndrome develop (e.g., fever, rash, arthralgia, malaise), immediately discontinue use of tetracyclines and perform appropriate tests (liver function tests, ANA, CBC) to evaluate the patient.1
Tetracyclines are known to cause hyperpigmentation in many organs (e.g., nails, bone, skin, eyes, thyroid, visceral tissue, oral cavity, sclerae, and heart valves).1
Tetracyclines have been reported to cause bulging fontanels in infants and benign intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri) in adults.1 These effects usually resolve when the drug is discontinued.1
Periodically assess organ system function (including hematopoietic, renal, and hepatic function).1 Perform appropriate tests for autoimmune syndromes if indicated.1
Category D.1 (See Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality under Cautions.)
Distributed into milk.1 Discontinue nursing or the drug.1
Safety and efficacy not established; use not recommended.1
Possible permanent tooth discoloration in children <8 years of age.1 (See Dental and Bone Effects under Cautions.) Do not use in infants or children <8 years of age.1
Serum half-life of doxycycline is not altered in patients with severe renal impairment;1 renal impairment does not appear to result in excessive accumulation of doxycycline.10 (See Renal Effects under Cautions.)
Excessive drug accumulation and possible liver toxicity may occur if usual dosages of some tetracyclines are used in patients with renal impairment.1 Dosage adjustment of tetracyclines may be necessary in patients with renal impairment; serum tetracycline concentrations should be monitored in patients receiving long-term therapy.1
Nasopharyngitis,1 hypertension,1 sinusitis,1 increased AST,1 upper respiratory tract infection,4 headache,4 diarrhea.4
Drug | Interaction | Comments |
|---|---|---|
Antacids (aluminum-, calcium- or magnesium- containing) | Decreased absorption of doxycycline1 | Give antacids containing aluminum, calcium, or magnesium 1–2 hours before or after doxycycline9 |
Anticoagulants, oral | Decreased plasma prothrombin activity1 | Monitor PT carefully; adjust anticoagulant dosage as needed1 |
Anticonvulsants (carbamazepine, barbiturates, phenytoin) | Possible decreased doxycycline half-life1 | |
Bismuth subsalicylate | Decreased absorption of doxycycline1 | If concomitant use cannot be avoided, give doxycycline at least 2-3 hours before bismuth subsalicylate9 |
Hormonal contraceptives | Decreased effectiveness of oral contraceptive1 | Use of a second form of contraceptive during treatment with doxycycline is advised1 |
Iron-containing preparations | Decreased absorption of doxycycline1 | Give doxycycline 2 hours before or 3 hours after iron-containing preparations9 |
Methoxyflurane (no longer commercially available in the US) | Fatal renal toxicity1 | |
Penicillins | Decreased efficacy of penicillins1 | Avoid concomitant use1 |
Proton-pump inhibitors | Decreased absorption of doxycycline1 | |
Retinoids, oral (e.g., acitretin, isotretinoin) | Additive adverse CNS effect of pseudotumor cerebri (benign intracranial hypertension)1 | Avoid concomitant use1 |
Urinary catecholamine assay | Possible false elevation secondary to interference with fluorescence test1 |
Oracea is not bioequivalent to other commercially available doxycycline preparations.1
Decreased rate and extent of absorption when administered with a high-fat, high-protein meal including dairy products.1
Bioavailability is reported to be reduced at high pH; may be clinically important in patients with gastrectomy, gastric bypass surgery, or those who otherwise are achlorhydric.1
Crosses the placenta and is distributed into milk.1
>90%.1
Major metabolites not identified.1
Excreted in urine (29–55% by 72 hours) and feces as unchanged drug.1
21 hours.1
No significant difference in serum half-life of patients with normal and severely impaired renal function.1 Hemodialysis does not alter the serum half-life.1
Tight, light-resistant containers at 15–30°C.1
Semisynthetic tetracycline antibiotic; also has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects.1 2 3
Mechanism(s) by which doxycycline reduces inflammatory lesions (papules and pustules) in patients with rosacea not known.2 Effects may result at least in part from the anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic actions of the drug.2
The plasma concentrations of doxycycline achieved during therapy with the 40-mg capsules (Oracea) are less than the concentration required to treat bacterial diseases.1
Causes no long-term effects on bacterial flora of the oral cavity, skin, intestinal tract, or vagina.1
Importance of taking dose in the morning, on an empty stomach (at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal) and drinking sufficient amounts of fluid to reduce the risk of esophageal irritation and ulceration.1 Importance of not lying down immediately following the dose.9
Importance of avoiding exposure to direct sunlight or UV light while taking doxycycline.1 When exposure cannot be avoided, importance of wearing protective clothing.1 Importance of discontinuing the drug and informing clinician at the first sign of skin erythema.1
Importance of taking only as prescribed; increasing dosage above 40 mg daily may increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by other antibacterial drugs in the future.1
Importance of women using alternative nonhormonal contraceptive measures because of the potential interaction with hormonal contraceptives.1
Advise patients that autoimmune syndromes have been observed with doxycycline; importance of discontinuing the drug and informing clinician if arthralgia, fever, rash, or malaise occurs.1
Advise patients that doxycycline therapy can cause discoloration of skin, scars, teeth, or gums.1
Importance of providing patient a copy of manufacturer's patient information.1
Importance of informing clinicians of existing or contemplated concomitant therapy, including prescription and OTC drugs and dietary or herbal supplements, as well as any concomitant diseases.1
Importance of women informing their clinician if they are or plan to become pregnant or plan to breast-feed; necessity for clinicians to advise women to avoid pregnancy during therapy, advise pregnant women of risk to the fetus, and advise males to utilize effective contraception during therapy.1
Importance of informing patients of other important precautionary information. (See Cautions.)
Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.
Routes | Dosage Forms | Strengths | Brand Names | Manufacturer |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Oral | Capsules (containing beads) | 40 mg (immediate-release 30 mg with delayed-release 10 mg) | Oracea | CollaGenex |
This report on medications is for your information only, and is not considered individual patient advice. Because of the changing nature of drug information, please consult your physician or pharmacist about specific clinical use.
The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com represent that the information provided hereunder was formulated with a reasonable standard of care, and in conformity with professional standards in the field. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com make no representations or warranties, express or implied, including, but not limited to, any implied warranty of merchantability and/or fitness for a particular purpose, with respect to such information and specifically disclaims all such warranties. Users are advised that decisions regarding drug therapy are complex medical decisions requiring the independent, informed decision of an appropriate health care professional, and the information is provided for informational purposes only. The entire monograph for a drug should be reviewed for a thorough understanding of the drug's actions, uses and side effects. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com do not endorse or recommend the use of any drug. The information is not a substitute for medical care.
AHFS Drug Information. © Copyright, 1959-2011, Selected Revisions August 2008. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 7272 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.
1. CollaGenex. Oracea (doxycycline, USP) capsules 40 mg prescribing information. Newtown, PA; 2006 May 26.
2. Sapadin AN, Fleischmajer R. Tetracyclines: nonantibiotic properties and their clinical implications. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006; 54:258-65. [PubMed 16443056]
3. Anon. Low-dose doxycycline (Oracea) for rosacea. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2007; 49:5-6.
4. Del Rosso JQ, Webster GF, Jackson M et al. Two randomized phase III clinical trials evaluating anti-inflammatory dose doxycycline (40-mg doxycycline, USP capsules) administered once daily for treatment of rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007; 56:791-802. [PubMed 17367893]
5. Johnson S, Gerding DN. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 1998; 26:1027-36. [IDIS 407733] [PubMed 9597221]
6. Gerding DN, Johnson S, Peterson LR et al for the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Position paper on Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1995; 16:459-77. [PubMed 7594392]
7. Fekety R for the American College of Gastroenterology Practice Parameters Committee. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997; 92:739-50. [IDIS 386628] [PubMed 9149180]
8. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists Commission on Therapeutics. ASHP therapeutic position statement on the preferential use of metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1998; 55:1407-11. [IDIS 407213] [PubMed 9659970]
9. Collagenex, Newtown, PA: Personal communication.
10. Pfizer. Vibramycin calcium (doxycycline calcium) oral suspension syrup, Vibramycin hyclate (doxycycline hyclate) capsules, Vibramycin monohydrate (doxycycline monohydrate) for oral suspension, Vibra-tabs (doxycycline hyclate) film coated tablets prescribing information. New York, NY. 2003 Sep.
Azitromicina Tarbis may be available in the countries listed below.
Azithromycin dihydrate (a derivative of Azithromycin) is reported as an ingredient of Azitromicina Tarbis in the following countries:
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Rifater is a brand name of isoniazid/pyrazinamide/rifampin, approved by the FDA in the following formulation(s):
No. There is currently no therapeutically equivalent version of Rifater available.
Note: Fraudulent online pharmacies may attempt to sell an illegal generic version of Rifater. These medications may be counterfeit and potentially unsafe. If you purchase medications online, be sure you are buying from a reputable and valid online pharmacy. Ask your health care provider for advice if you are unsure about the online purchase of any medication.
See also: About generic drugs.
There are no current U.S. patents associated with Rifater.
Phaeva may be available in the countries listed below.
Ethinylestradiol is reported as an ingredient of Phaeva in the following countries:
Gestodene is reported as an ingredient of Phaeva in the following countries:
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Albezol may be available in the countries listed below.
Albendazole is reported as an ingredient of Albezol in the following countries:
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Rokulan may be available in the countries listed below.
Clopidogrel besilate (a derivative of Clopidogrel) is reported as an ingredient of Rokulan in the following countries:
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Fungotopic may be available in the countries listed below.
Bifonazole is reported as an ingredient of Fungotopic in the following countries:
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Dampo Solvopect may be available in the countries listed below.
Carbocisteine is reported as an ingredient of Dampo Solvopect in the following countries:
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Salbutamol WFZ Polfa may be available in the countries listed below.
Salbutamol is reported as an ingredient of Salbutamol WFZ Polfa in the following countries:
Salbutamol sulfate (a derivative of Salbutamol) is reported as an ingredient of Salbutamol WFZ Polfa in the following countries:
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In the US, CAM is a member of the drug class topical emollients and is used to treat Dry Skin.
Ephedrine hydrochloride (a derivative of Ephedrine) is reported as an ingredient of CAM in the following countries:
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Amoclox may be available in the countries listed below.
Amoxicillin trihydrate (a derivative of Amoxicillin) is reported as an ingredient of Amoclox in the following countries:
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Onymax may be available in the countries listed below.
Terbinafine hydrochloride (a derivative of Terbinafine) is reported as an ingredient of Onymax in the following countries:
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Instillatio Aluminii Acetico-tartarici may be available in the countries listed below.
Aluminium Acetotartrate is reported as an ingredient of Instillatio Aluminii Acetico-tartarici in the following countries:
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Aripez may be available in the countries listed below.
Donepezil hydrochloride (a derivative of Donepezil) is reported as an ingredient of Aripez in the following countries:
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Vinblastina Ciclum Farma may be available in the countries listed below.
Vinblastine sulfate (a derivative of Vinblastine) is reported as an ingredient of Vinblastina Ciclum Farma in the following countries:
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Nomégestrol Arrow may be available in the countries listed below.
Nomegestrol acetate (a derivative of Nomegestrol) is reported as an ingredient of Nomégestrol Arrow in the following countries:
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Negasunt may be available in the countries listed below.
In some countries, this medicine may only be approved for veterinary use.
Propoxur is reported as an ingredient of Negasunt in the following countries:
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Xylocaine-Astra may be available in the countries listed below.
Lidocaine is reported as an ingredient of Xylocaine-Astra in the following countries:
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Ultralanum Plain Ointment may be available in the countries listed below.
Fluocortolone monohydrate and 21-caproate (a derivative of Fluocortolone) is reported as an ingredient of Ultralanum Plain Ointment in the following countries:
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Treating fungal infections, such as athlete's foot, jock itch, and ringworm. It may also be used for other conditions as determined by your doctor.
Oxistat Cream is an antifungal. It works by killing or preventing the growth of the fungus.
Contact your doctor or health care provider right away if any of these apply to you.
Some medical conditions may interact with Oxistat Cream. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have any medical conditions, especially if any of the following apply to you:
Some MEDICINES MAY INTERACT with Oxistat Cream. Tell your health care provider if you are taking any other medicines, especially any of the following:
This may not be a complete list of all interactions that may occur. Ask your health care provider if Oxistat Cream may interact with other medicines that you take. Check with your health care provider before you start, stop, or change the dose of any medicine.
Use Oxistat Cream as directed by your doctor. Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions.
Ask your health care provider any questions you may have about how to use Oxistat Cream.
All medicines may cause side effects, but many people have no, or minor, side effects. Check with your doctor if any of these most COMMON side effects persist or become bothersome:
Mild stinging.
Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); nodules; reddening, blistering, peeling, itching, or burning of skin; scaling; skin cracking; swelling of the hair follicles.
This is not a complete list of all side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, contact your health care provider. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. To report side effects to the appropriate agency, please read the Guide to Reporting Problems to FDA.
See also: Oxistat side effects (in more detail)
Contact 1-800-222-1222 (the American Association of Poison Control Centers), your local poison control center, or emergency room immediately. Oxistat Cream may be harmful if swallowed.
Store Oxistat Cream between 59 and 86 degrees F (15 and 30 degrees C). Store away from heat, light, and moisture. Keep Oxistat Cream out of the reach of children and away from pets.
This information is a summary only. It does not contain all information about Oxistat Cream. If you have questions about the medicine you are taking or would like more information, check with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.
Meloxicam-GA may be available in the countries listed below.
Meloxicam is reported as an ingredient of Meloxicam-GA in the following countries:
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Emportal may be available in the countries listed below.
Lactitol monohydrate (a derivative of Lactitol) is reported as an ingredient of Emportal in the following countries:
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Class: Class III Antiarrhythmics
VA Class: CV300
Chemical Name: N-[4-[2-[Methyl[2-[4-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]phenoxy]ethyl]amino]ethyl]phenyl] methanesulfonamide
Molecular Formula: C19H27N3O5S2
CAS Number: 115256-11-6
Brands: Tikosyn
Because of the arrhythmogenic potential, hospitalize and monitor closely (provision of Clcr calculations, continuous ECG monitoring, and cardiac resuscitation) patients for 3 days during treatment initiation.1 2 (See Arrhythmogenic Effects under Cautions.) Clinicians and pharmacies in institutions must confirm their participation in a designated Tikosyn educational program before prescribing or ordering the drug.1 2 9 10 12 (See General under Dosage and Administration.)
REMS:
FDA approved a REMS for dofetilide to ensure that the benefits of a drug outweigh the risks. The REMS may apply to one or more preparations of dofetilide and consists of the following: medication guide, elements to assure safe use, and implementation system. See the FDA REMS page () or the ASHP REMS Resource Center ().
Class III antiarrhythmic agent; a methanesulfonamide derivative.1 2 3 4 5
Maintenance of normal sinus rhythm in patients with previous atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter of >1 week's duration.1 2 4 5 11 Reserve for patients in whom atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter was highly symptomatic.1 2 4
Conversion of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter to normal sinus rhythm.1 2 4 5 11 Has not been shown to be effective in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.1 2
Initiate therapy and adjust dosage in a hospital setting where the patient can be monitored by personnel trained in the management of serious ventricular arrhythmias.1 2 (See Boxed Warnings.) Closely monitor patients for 3 days (until steady-state plasma concentrations are obtained) whenever treatment is initiated or dosage is increased.1 2 12 When the dosage is increased, the need for rehospitalization is not eliminated by previously successful use of such dosages.1 2
Individualize dosage carefully according to calculated Clcr and QTc interval.1 2 Prior to treatment initiation, calculate the Clcr and determine QTc interval.1 2 (See QT Interval Determination under Dosage and Administration.)
Administer appropriate anticoagulant therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation.1 2
Maintain serum potassium concentrations within the normal range before treatment initiation and during therapy.1 2
Must be obtained through a restricted distribution program.1 2 3 4 5 9 10 Not available through community pharmacies.1 2 9 10 12 May verify the status of clinicians who have participated in these programs via the internet ().9 10 12 b For information regarding such educational programs, contact the manufacturer at 877-845-6796.9 10 12 b
Prior to treatment initiation, calculate the Clcr.1 2 Reduce initial dosage if Clcr <60 mL/minute.1 2 (See Table 1.)
Because the increase in the QT interval and the risk of ventricular arrhythmias are directly related to plasma drug concentrations, adjust dosage based on calculated Clcr.1 2
Estimate the patient’s Clcr by using the following formulas:
Reevaluate renal function every 3 months or as medically warranted.1 If renal function deteriorates, adjust dosage.1 (See Table 1.)1 2
Ccr male = [(140 - age) × weight (in kg)] / [72 × serum creatinine (in mg/dL)]Ccr female = 0.85 × Ccr male
Prior to treatment initiation, determine the QTc interval using an average of 5–10 beats or the QT interval, if the heart rate is <60 bpm.1 2
Use is contraindicated if the QTc interval >440 msec (500 msec in patients with ventricular conduction abnormalities).1 2 (See Contraindications under Cautions.)
Within 2–3 hours after administering the first dose, determine the QTc interval again.1 2 Adjust subsequent dosage based on the QTc interval.1 2 (See Table 2.)
Within 2–3 hours after each subsequent dose (for in-hospital doses 2–5), determine the QTc interval.1 2 12 No further downward titration of dosage based on QTc interval is recommended.1 2 However, if at any time after the second dose is given the QTc >500 msec (550 msec in patients with ventricular conduction abnormalities), discontinue use.1 2
Perform continuous ECG monitoring for a minimum of 3 days or for a minimum of 12 hours after electrical or pharmacologic conversion to normal sinus rhythm, whichever is greater.1 2
Reevaluate QTc interval every 3 months or as medically warranted.1 If QTc >500 msec (550 msec in patients with ventricular conduction abnormalities), discontinue use and carefully monitor the patient until the QTc interval returns to baseline values.1 2
A transition period is recommended prior to initiating therapy in patients receiving other antiarrhythmic agents.1 2 Withhold class I and class III antiarrhythmic agents for ≥3 half-lives prior to initiating dofetilide.1 Withhold amiodarone for ≥3 months or until serum amiodarone concentrations are <0.3 mcg/mL prior to administering dofetilide.1 (See Drugs that Prolong QT Interval under Interactions.)
Administer orally twice daily without regard to meals.1 2
Initially, 500 mcg twice daily; modify dosage according to Clcr and QTc interval.1 2 12 (See Table 1 and Table 2.)
Calculated Clcr (mL/minute) | Dosage |
|---|---|
>60 | 500 mcg twice daily |
40–60 | 250 mcg twice daily |
20 to <40 | 125 mcg twice daily |
<20 | Dofetilide is contraindicated |
Within 2–3 hours after administration of the first dose, determine the QTc interval.1 2 If QTc interval has increased by >15% or >500 msec (550 msec in patients with ventricular conduction abnormalities), adjust subsequent dosages as follows:1 2
Initial Dosage (Based on Clcr) | Adjusted Dosage (for QTc Prolongation) |
|---|---|
500 mcg twice daily | 250 mcg twice daily |
250 mcg twice daily | 125 mcg twice daily |
125 mcg twice daily | 125 mcg once daily |
For subsequent monitoring of the QT interval, see QT Interval Determination under Dosage and Administration.
Therapy may be initiated at lower dosages due to the risk of torsades de pointes.1 2
Dosages >500 mcg twice daily have been associated with an increased incidence of torsades de pointes.1 2 (See Arrhythmogenic Effects under Cautions.)
No dosage adjustment is required in patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh class A or B).1 2 Use with particular caution in patients with severe hepatic insufficiency (Child-Pugh class C).1 2
Modify dosage according to the degree of renal impairment.1 2 (See Table 1.) For calculation of the patient's Clcr, see Renal Function Assessment under Dosage and Administration.
Not studied in those undergoing dialysis; dosage recommendations are not known.1
Select dosage with caution because of age-related decreases in renal function.1 2 12 (See Table 1.)
Congenital or acquired long QT syndromes; baseline QT or QTc interval >440 msec (500 msec in patients with ventricular conduction abnormalities).1 2
Severe renal impairment (calculated Clcr <20 mL/minute).1 2
Concomitant use of verapamil or cation transport system inhibitors (e.g., cimetidine, ketoconazole, megestrol, prochlorperazine, or trimethoprim [alone or in combination with sulfamethoxazole]).1 2 b (See Specific Drugs under Interactions.)
Concomitant use of hydrochlorothiazide alone or in combination with triamterene.1
Known hypersensitivity to dofetilide.1 2 12
May cause serious ventricular arrhythmias, principally polymorphic ventricular tachycardia associated with QT interval prolongation (i.e., torsades de pointes).1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11 Generally occurs within the first 3 days of initiation of therapy.1 2 The risk is threefold greater in women than in men.1 2 (See Boxed Warnings.)
Reduce risk of torsades de pointes by controlling the plasma concentration (e.g., adjustment of initial dofetilide dosage according to Clcr, avoiding certain drug interactions) and monitoring the ECG for excessive increases in the QT interval.1 2
Limited evidence suggests a possible excess mortality as a result of dofetilide use.1
No apparent adverse effects on conduction velocity.1 2 AV nodal conduction unaffected in normal volunteers or in patients with first degree heart block.1 2 Used safely in conjunction with pacemakers.1 2
Hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia may increase the risk of torsades de pointes.1 2 Closely monitor patients experiencing prolonged or excessive diarrhea, sweating, vomiting, loss of appetite, or thirst.1 2 Closely monitor patients receiving concomitant therapy with drugs that may increase the risk of such electrolyte imbalance (e.g., diuretics).1 2 (See Specific Drugs under Interactions.)
Category C.1 2
Not known whether dofetilide is distributed into milk.1 2 Use not recommended.1 2
Safety and efficacy not established.1 2
No substantial differences in safety and efficacy relative to younger adults.1 2 Select dosage with caution because of age-related decreases in renal function.1 2 12
If clearance is decreased, dosage adjustments are necessary depending on degree of renal impairment.1 b Safety and efficacy not established in patients with Clcr <20 mL/minute.1 2 (See Table 1 under Dosage and Administration for dosage adjustment based on Clcr.)
Not studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment; use with particular caution in these patients.1 2 (See Hepatic Impairment under Dosage and Administration.)
Headache, chest pain, dizziness.1
Metabolized by CYP3A4,1 a but has a low affinity for this isoenzyme.1 Does not inhibit CYP isoenzymes.b
Carefully screen patient's medication history, including all OTC, prescription, and herbal/natural preparations with emphasis on those that may affect dofetilide pharmacokinetics.1 b If discontinuance of dofetilide is necessary to permit administration of potentially interacting drug(s), allow a washout period of at least 2 days.1 b
Pharmacokinetic interaction (decreased dofetilide elimination).1 2 12 May increase the risk of torsades de pointes1 2 12 (See Elimination under Pharmacokinetics, and see Contraindications under Cautions.) Use concurrent therapy with care.1
Potential pharmacokinetic interaction (decreased dofetilide elimination and increased plasma concentration).1 2 12 May increase risk of torsades de pointes.1 2 12
Use concurrent therapy with care.1
Inhibitors of CYP3A4: Potential pharmacokinetic interaction (decreased dofetilide metabolism and possible increased systemic exposure).1 2 12 Concomitant use not recommended.1 12 b
Potential pharmacodynamic interaction (increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias).1 2 Concomitant use not recommended.1 12 b
Drug or Food | Interaction | Comments |
|---|---|---|
Amiloride | Potential decreased dofetilide elimination and increased plasma dofetilide concentrations;1 2 12 possible increased risk of torsades de pointes1 2 12 | Use concomitantly with caution1 |
Amiodarone | Potential increased plasma dofetilide concentrations;1 possible increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias1 | Withhold amiodarone for at least 3 months or until serum amiodarone concentrations are <0.3 mcg/mL prior to administering dofetilide1 |
Amlodipine | Pharmacokinetic interaction unlikely1 b | |
Antacids (aluminum or magnesium hydroxides) | Pharmacokinetic interaction unlikely1 b | Consider as alternative therapy for cimetidine1 b |
Antiarrhythmic agents | Possible increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias1 2 | Concomitant use not recommended.1 b 12 Withhold class I and class III antiarrhythmic agents for at least 3 half-lives prior to initiating dofetilide1 |
Antidepressants, tricyclic | Possible increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias1 2 | Concomitant use not recommended1 b 12 |
Antifungal agents, azole | Potential decreased dofetilide metabolism and possible increased systemic exposure;1 2 12 possible increased risk of torsades de pointes1 2 12 | Use certain azoles concomitantly with caution1 b Concomitant use of ketoconazole is contraindicated1 2 |
Antiretroviral agents, HIV protease inhibitors | Potential decreased dofetilide metabolism and possible increased systemic exposure;1 2 12 possible increased risk of torsades de pointes2 12 | Use concomitantly with caution1 b |
Bepridil | Possible increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias1 2 | Concomitant use not recommended1 b 12 |
Cannabinoids | Potential decreased dofetilide metabolism and possible increased systemic exposure;1 2 12 possible increased risk of torsades de pointes1 2 12 | Use concomitantly with caution1 b |
Cimetidine | Decreased dofetilide elimination; possible increased risk of torsades de pointes1 2 12 | Concomitant use contraindicated1 2 |
Cisapride | Possible increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias1 2 | Concomitant use not recommended1 b 12 |
Digoxin | Pharmacokinetic interaction unlikely.1 2 Uncertain potential pharmacodynamic interaction (increased risk of torsades de pointes).1 | |
Diltiazem | Potential decreased dofetilide metabolism and possible increased systemic exposure;1 2 12 possible increased risk of torsades de pointes1 2 12 | Use concomitantly with caution1 b |
Diuretics, potassium-depleting | Possible increased risk of electrolyte imbalance (i.e., hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia) and increased risk of torsades de pointes1 2 | Close monitoring recommended during concomitant therapy1 2 Concomitant use of hydrochlorothiazide or in combination with triamterene is contraindicated1 2 |
Glyburide | Pharmacokinetic interaction with dofetilide unlikely1 | |
Grapefruit juice | Potential decreased dofetilide metabolism and possible increased systemic exposure;1 2 12 possible increased risk of torsades de pointes1 2 12 | Use concomitantly with caution1 b |
Hormone replacement therapy | Pharmacokinetic interaction unlikely1 b | |
Hydrochlorothiazide (with or without triamterene) | Increased dofetilide AUC and peak plasma concentrations;1 possible increased risk of QT interval prolongation1 | Concomitant use contraindicated1 |
Ketoconazole | Decreased dofetilide elimination;1 2 possible increased risk of torsades de pointes1 2 12 | Concomitant use contraindicated1 2 |
Macrolides, oral | Possible increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias1 2 | Concomitant use not recommended1 b 12 |
Megestrol | Decreased dofetilide elimination;1 2 possible increased risk of torsades de pointes1 2 12 | Concomitant use contraindicated1 2 |
Metformin | Decreased dofetilide elimination and increased plasma dofetilide concentration;1 2 12 possible increased risk of torsades de pointes1 2 12 | Use concomitantly with caution1 b |
Nefazodone | Potential decreased dofetilide metabolism and increased systemic exposure;1 2 12 possible increased risk of torsades de pointes1 2 12 | Use concomitantly with caution1 b |
Norfloxacin | Potential decreased dofetilide metabolism and increased systemic exposure;1 2 12 possible increased risk of torsades de pointes1 2 12 | Use concomitantly with caution1 b |
Omeprazole | Pharmacokinetic interaction unlikely1 2 | Consider as alternative therapy for cimetidine1 b |
Oral contraceptives | Pharmacokinetic interaction unlikely1 b | |
Phenothiazines | Possible increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias1 2 | Concomitant use not recommended1 |
Phenytoin | Pharmacokinetic interaction unlikely1 b | |
Prochlorperazine | Decreased dofetilide elimination;1 2 possible increased risk of torsades de pointes1 2 12 | Concomitant use contraindicated1 2 |
Propranolol | Pharmacokinetic interaction unlikely1 b | |
Quinine | Potential decreased dofetilide metabolism and increased systemic exposure;1 2 12 possible increased risk of torsades de pointes1 2 12 | Use concomitantly with caution1 b |
Ranitidine | Pharmacokinetic interaction unlikely1 2 | Consider ranitidine as alternative therapy for cimetidine1 b |
SSRIs | Potential decreased dofetilide metabolism and increased systemic exposure;1 2 12 possible increased risk of torsades de pointes1 2 12 | Use concomitantly with caution1 b |
Theophylline | Pharmacokinetic interaction unlikely1 2 | |
Triamterene | Potential decreased dofetilide elimination and increased plasma concentrations1 2 12 | Use concomitantly with caution1 b Concomitant use of hydrochlorothiazide in combination with triamterene is contraindicated1 2 |
Trimethoprim (with or without sulfamethoxazole) | Decreased dofetilide elimination;2 possible increased risk of torsades de pointes1 2 12 | Concomitant use contraindicated1 2 |
Verapamil | Increased plasma dofetilide concentrations;1 2 possible increased risk of torsades de pointes1 2 12 | Concomitant use contraindicated1 2 |
Warfarin | Pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic interaction unlikely1 2 | |
Zafirlukast | Potential decreased dofetilide metabolism and possible increased systemic exposure;1 2 12 possible increased risk of torsades de pointes1 2 12 | Use concomitantly with caution1 b |
Absolute bioavailability is >90%.1 a Peak plasma concentrations are attained within 2–3 hours.a Steady-state plasma concentrations are attained within 2–3 days.1
Food delays absorption but does not affect total bioavailability.2
Apparent volume of distribution is 3 L/kg.1 In animal studies, in utero growth and survival is affected adversely.1 Not known whether dofetilide is distributed into human milk.1
60–70%.1 a
Metabolized by CYP3A4,1 a but the drug has a low affinity for this isoenzyme.1
Excreted principally in urine (80%); urinary excretion is mainly as unchanged drug (80%) and inactive or minimally active metabolites (20%).1 Eliminated via glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion.1
Terminal half-life is approximately 10 hours.1 2
With decreasing Clcr (renal impairment), the overall drug systemic clearance is decreased and plasma concentration increased.1 Not known whether hemodialysis removes dofetilide from plasma.1
Pharmacokinetics not altered in patients with mild to moderate hepatic insufficiency (Child-Pugh class C).1 Pharmacokinetics not studied in patients with severe hepatic insufficiency (Child-Pugh class C).1 2
15–30°C in tight, well closed containers.1 Protect from moisture and humidity.1
More selective in its cellular actions than some other class III antiarrhythmic agents (e.g., amiodarone, sotalol).4 5 7 11
Prolongs the action potential duration and effective refractory period in both atrial and ventricular cardiac tissue, principally due to delayed repolarization.1 2 4 5 11 Selectively inhibits the rapidly activating component of the potassium channel (delayed rectifier potassium current IKr) involved in repolarization of cardiac cells.1 2 3 4 5 8 11
Does not affect cardiac conduction velocity and sinus node function.1 2 4 5 7 11 Has no effect on sodium channels (associated with class I antiarrhythmic agents) or β- or α-adrenergic receptors at clinically relevant concentrations.1 2 4 11
Negligible effects on heart rate or BP.2 4 5 11 12 May improve slightly cardiac contractility.2 4 5 11 12
Importance of reading the manufacturer’s patient information prior to beginning therapy and rereading it each time the prescription is refilled in case patient status has changed.1 2
Importance of informing a clinician immediately if new rapid heartbeats, lightheadedness, or fainting occur.1 2 If a clinician cannot be contacted, proceed to the nearest hospital emergency room.1 2
Importance of informing a clinician immediately if excessive or prolonged diarrhea, sweating, vomiting, or loss of appetite or thirst occurs.1
Importance of adherence to dosage and medical appointment schedule.1 2 Take drug at same time each day and omit any missed doses.1 2
Importance of informing clinicians of existing or contemplated concomitant therapy, including prescription and OTC drugs and dietary or herbal supplements, as well as concomitant illnesses.1 2
Importance of women informing clinicians if they are or plan to become pregnant or plan to breast-feed.1 2
Importance of informing patients of other important precautionary information. (See Cautions.)
Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.
Distribution of dofetilide is restricted. (See General under Dosage and Administration.)
Routes | Dosage Forms | Strengths | Brand Names | Manufacturer |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Oral | Capsules | 0.125 mg | Tikosyn | Pfizer |
0.25 mg | Tikosyn | Pfizer | ||
0.5 mg | Tikosyn | Pfizer |
This pricing information is subject to change at the sole discretion of DS Pharmacy. This pricing information was updated 10/2011. Actual costs to patients will vary depending on the use of specific retail or mail-order locations and health insurance copays.
Tikosyn 125MCG Capsules (PFIZER U.S.): 60/$245.15 or 180/$714.17
Tikosyn 250MCG Capsules (PFIZER U.S.): 60/$246.98 or 180/$719.96
Tikosyn 500MCG Capsules (PFIZER U.S.): 60/$245.99 or 120/$474.98
This report on medications is for your information only, and is not considered individual patient advice. Because of the changing nature of drug information, please consult your physician or pharmacist about specific clinical use.
The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com represent that the information provided hereunder was formulated with a reasonable standard of care, and in conformity with professional standards in the field. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com make no representations or warranties, express or implied, including, but not limited to, any implied warranty of merchantability and/or fitness for a particular purpose, with respect to such information and specifically disclaims all such warranties. Users are advised that decisions regarding drug therapy are complex medical decisions requiring the independent, informed decision of an appropriate health care professional, and the information is provided for informational purposes only. The entire monograph for a drug should be reviewed for a thorough understanding of the drug's actions, uses and side effects. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com do not endorse or recommend the use of any drug. The information is not a substitute for medical care.
AHFS Drug Information. © Copyright, 1959-2011, Selected Revisions October 27, 2011. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 7272 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.
1. Pfizer. Tikosyn (dofetilide) capsules prescribing information. New York, NY; 2004 Mar.
2. Pfizer. Tikosyn (dofetilide) product monograph and confirmation of education. New York, NY. From Tikosyn web site (). 2000 March.
3. Anon. Dofetilide for atrial fibrillation. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2000; 42:41-2.
4. Kalus JS, Mauro VF. Dofetilide: a class III-specific antiarrhythmic agent. Ann Pharmacother. 2000; 34:44-56. [IDIS 439892] [PubMed 10669186]
5. Lenz TL, Hilleman DE. Dofetilide, a new class III antiarrhythmic agent. Pharmacotherapy. 2000; 20:776-86. [IDIS 449491] [PubMed 10907968]
6. Greenbaum RA, Campbell TJ, Channer KS et al. Conversion of atrial fibrillation and maintenance of sinus rhythm by dofetilide: the EMERALD (European and Australian Multicenter Evaluative Research on Atrial Fibrillation Dofetilide) study. Circulation. 1998; 98(Suppl I):I-633. Abstract No. 3326.
7. Torp-Pedersen C, Moller M, Bloch-Thomsen PE et al for the Danish Investigations of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide Study Group. Dofetilide in patients with congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341:857-65.
8. Stevenson WG, Stevenson LW. Atrial fibrillation in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341:910-1. Editorial. [IDIS 434468] [PubMed 10486424]
9. Pfizer. Become a confirmed TIKOSYN prescriber. From web site. Accessed October 11, 2000.
10. Pfizer. Become a confirmed TIKOSYN institution. From web site. Accessed October 11, 2000.
11. McClellan KJ, Markham A. Dofetilide: a review of its use in atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Drugs. 1999; 58:1043-59. [PubMed 10651390]
12. Pfizer, New York, NY: Personal communication.
a. Mounsey JP, DiMarco JP. Dofetilide Circulation. 2000; 102:2665-70.
b. Pfizer. Tikosyn (dofetilide) product monograph and confirmation of education. New York, NY. From Tikosyn web site. 2002 March.
